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4. Tokenising Infrastructure
Active travel infrastructure has high capital costs but no way to generate revenue. And yet, combined with other shared services, it enables users to own fewer cars, reduce their transport costs and reduce their carbon emissions. Tokenising active travel infrastructure allows its capital cost to be included in the operational costs of pay-per-use services that depend on it.
For example, a car commuter who converts to cycling becomes compatible to carshare with someone who needs a car on workdays.
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Transport Groups enable users and providers to establish compatible supply and demand for new services online, before they are provided on the ground. This avoids the transition shown below.
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Members of a Transport Group commit to a smart contract, held on a decentralised blockchain. This is a form of crowdfunding that provides the guarantee for initial purchase of tokens, required to pay for active travel infrastructure. It gives transport users confidence that a shared car 'will be there when I need it', and it gives transport providers confidence that costs will be covered from day one. The smart contract manages a dynamic pay-per-use rate, which covers costs and buys back the cycle path tokens from initial holders. Having enabled a modal shift from private cars to cycling, voluntary carbon credits can be issued and sold to other private car owners, who want to offset their emissions.
As with conventional crowdfunding, the role of Transport Groups is to shift financial risk from providers to users. They are the only ones who know what transport they need and who will save money by owning fewer cars. Other examples of this include: Small standalone Transport Groups, such as combining one e-bike and one carshare, can be allowed to succeed or fail on their own, cf crowdfunding. The car-free housing example puts users in a situation where they are almost forced to form Transport Groups. However, in the case described here, some of the risk will remain with token buying stakeholders, such as the local authority. The objective is to transfer the whole cost to users, but it is not realistic to form all the Transport Groups required to guarantee this before the cycle path is built. This problem can be overcome by converting investment tokens into voluntary carbon credits (VCC).
The verifiable reduction in carbon emissions from owning fewer cars allows VCC to be issued and provide a return on stakeholder investment. Reducing the number of cars owned makes it possible to include emissions from all their journeys and from the carbon embedded in manufacturing new cars. With a forecast price for VCCs of £50 per tonne, each car could soon generate around £300 per year. A community that reduces the number of cars by 500 would generate VCCs worth £150,000 per year. At a return on investment of 2.5%, this would leverage £6 million for for developing active travel infrastructure. If users become the investors this is a way to recycle funding for active travel, making it a long-term investment, rather than a one-time expense.
The Eynsham community path will serve people travelling between Eynsham and Oxford, a 25 minute e-bike ride. The 2300 households in Eynsham currently spend around £14 million every year on 3500 private cars, which are parked 95% of the time. The contribution from Transport Groups to the community path could be £6 million. The people of Eynsham have been campaigning for 10 years to build this community path.
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